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ATC code C07 Beta blocking agents is a therapeutic subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, a system of alphanumeric codes developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the classification of drugs and other medical products.
Accordingly, nonselective beta blockers are expected to have antihypertensive effects. [72] The primary antihypertensive mechanism of beta blockers is unclear, but may involve reduction in cardiac output (due to negative chronotropic and inotropic effects). [73]
Propranolol is a non-selective β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, or beta blocker; [61] that is, it blocks the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) at both β 1-and β 2-adrenergic receptors.
Carvedilol is a nonselective beta blocker and alpha-1 blocker. [5] How it improves outcomes is not entirely clear but may involve dilation of blood vessels. [5] Carvedilol was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1995. [5] [8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [9]
Non-selective beta-blockers should be avoided in people with asthma or bronchospasm as they may cause exacerbations and worsening of symptoms. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] β 1 selective beta-blockers like bisoprolol have not been shown to cause an increase in asthma exacerbations, [ 28 ] and may be cautiously tried in those with controlled, mild-to ...
Pindolol, sold under the brand name Visken among others, is a nonselective beta blocker which is used in the treatment of hypertension. [1] [2] It is also an antagonist of the serotonin 5-HT 1A receptor, preferentially blocking inhibitory 5-HT 1A autoreceptors, and has been researched as an add-on therapy to various antidepressants, such as clomipramine and the selective serotonin reuptake ...
Nadolol is a non-selective beta blocker; that is, it non-selectively blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It has a preference for beta-1 receptors, which are predominantly located in the heart, thereby inhibiting the effects of catecholamines and causing a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure.
Like other non-selective beta blockers, levobunolol is contraindicated in patients with airway diseases such as asthma and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as heart problems such as sinus bradycardia, second- or third-degree atrioventricular block, sick sinus syndrome, and cardiogenic shock.