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Realism, a school of thought in international relations theory, is a theoretical framework that views world politics as an enduring competition among self-interested states vying for power and positioning within an anarchic global system devoid of a centralized authority.
Contractualism is a term in philosophy which refers either to a family of political theories in the social contract tradition (when used in this sense, the term is an umbrella term for all social contract theories that include contractarianism), [1] or to the ethical theory developed in recent years by T. M. Scanlon, especially in his book What We Owe to Each Other (published 1998).
Neorealism or structural realism is a theory of international relations that emphasizes the role of power politics in international relations, sees competition and conflict as enduring features and sees limited potential for cooperation. [1]
The just price is a theory of ethics in economics that attempts to set standards of fairness in transactions. With intellectual roots in ancient Greek philosophy , it was advanced by Thomas Aquinas based on an argument against usury , which in his time referred to the making of any rate of interest on loans .
Realism or political realism [9] has been the dominant theory of international relations since the conception of the discipline. [10] The theory claims to rely upon an ancient tradition of thought which includes writers such as Thucydides , Niccolò Machiavelli , and Thomas Hobbes .
In reviewing the older leadership theories, Scouller highlighted certain limitations in relation to the development of a leader's skill and effectiveness: [3] Trait theory: As Stogdill (1948) [4] and Buchanan & Huczynski (1997) had previously pointed out, this approach has failed to develop a universally agreed list of leadership qualities and "successful leaders seem to defy classification ...
Yan's 1996 book Analysis of China's National Interests was the first Chinese-language book to systemically analyze the titular subject. [8] The book became significant among Chinese audiences for its argument that China should prioritize its own national interests in foreign policy, instead of the more traditional arguments that China should prioritize class interests or proletarian ...
The economics of discretionary behavior: nonpecuniary objectives in the theory of the firm (1963) Oliver Eaton Williamson (September 27, 1932 – May 21, 2020) was an American economist , a professor at the University of California, Berkeley , and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , which he shared with Elinor Ostrom .