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Superplasticizers (SPs), also known as high range water reducers, are additives used for making high-strength concrete or to place self-compacting concrete. Plasticizers are chemical compounds enabling the production of concrete with approximately 15% less water content .
Subsequentlly, Sika was listed on the Swiss Stock Exchange. 1990: Challenging environment. The 1990s was a challenging decade for Sika. To improve performance, the company withdrew from less lucrative, non-core businesses, such as the building of robots used to restore sewer lines. Sika also abandoned the manufacture of road building products.
A concrete densifier is a chemical hardener that penetrates the concrete surface, reacting with the material to form crystals that fill the pores and increase surface density. This process significantly improves the concrete's resistance to wear, dusting, and chemical damage.
When using latent hardeners, the epoxy resin and hardener may be mixed and stored for some time prior to use, which is advantageous for many industrial processes. Very latent hardeners enable one-component (1K) products to be produced, whereby the resin and hardener are supplied pre-mixed to the end user and only require heat to initiate curing.
For hardwood flooring, the test usually requires an 80 mm × 150 mm (3 in × 6 in) sample with a thickness of at least 6–8 mm, and the most commonly used test is the ASTM D1037. When testing wood in lumber form, the Janka test is always carried out on wood from the tree trunk (known as the heartwood), and the standard sample (according to ...
Before a floor can be polished, it must have a hardness reading of 4,000 psi or higher for best results. [1] A reading below this measure means the floor is soft and can crack under pressure. The next step is the initial grinding. In this step, low grit diamonds (e.g. 16- to 20-grit) are used to grind down all uneven surface until the floor is ...
Other cycloaliphatic amines used in flooring include 1,3-BAC, MXDA, PACM and DCH-99. In laboratory tests, Tokyo Metropolitan University found that IPDA was able to remove more than 99 percent of CO 2 from air with a concentration of 400 parts per million (ppm) – about the level currently in the atmosphere.
Thus, two broad classes are curing induced by chemical additives (also called curing agents, hardeners) and curing in the absence of additives. An intermediate case involves a mixture of resin and additives that requires external stimulus (light, heat, radiation) to induce curing. The curing methodology depends on the resin and the application.