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Swan neck deformity has many of possible causes arising from the DIP, PIP, or even the MCP joints. In all cases, there is a stretching of the volar plate at the PIP joint to allow hyperextension, plus some damage to the attachment of the extensor tendon to the base of the distal phalanx that produces a hyperflexed mallet finger.
Boutonniere deformity is a deformed position of the fingers or toes, in which the joint nearest the knuckle (the proximal interphalangeal joint, or PIP) is permanently bent toward the palm while the farthest joint (the distal interphalangeal joint, or DIP) is bent back away (PIP flexion with DIP hyperextension).
Many of these deformities, such as Dupuytren's contracture, swan-neck deformity etc. can be associated with both a chronic, progressive event, or an acute injury; [17] such as boutonnière deformity, which can be caused by trauma, [1] or induced by a chronic condition like rheumatoid arthritis. [20]
A mallet finger, also known as hammer finger or PLF finger or Hannan finger, is an extensor tendon injury at the farthest away finger joint. [2] This results in the inability to extend the finger tip without pushing it. [3]
Hand contractures as seen in Freeman–Sheldon syndrome. In pathology, a contracture is a shortening of muscles, tendons, skin, and nearby soft tissues that causes the joints to shorten and become very stiff, preventing normal movement.
Evidence for ankylosis found in the fossil record is studied by paleopathologists, specialists in ancient disease and injury.Ankylosis has been reported in dinosaur fossils from several species, including Allosaurus fragilis, Becklespinax altispinax, Poekilopleuron bucklandii, and Tyrannosaurus rex (including the Stan specimen).
Coxa valga is a deformity of the hip where the angle formed between the head and neck of the femur and its shaft is increased, usually above 135 degrees.. The deformity may develop in children with neuromuscular disorders (i.e. cerebral palsy, spinal dysraphism, poliomyelitis), skeletal dysplasias, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Cubitus varus is a varus deformity in which the extended forearm is deviated towards midline of the body. Cubitus varus is often referred to as "Gunstock deformity", due to the crooked nature of the healing. [1] [2] The "opposite" condition is cubitus valgus.