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Business ethics operates on the premise, for example, that the ethical operation of a private business is possible—those who dispute that premise, such as libertarian socialists (who contend that "business ethics" is an oxymoron) do so by definition outside of the domain of business ethics proper.
Sowell writes that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups [i.e., primary beneficiaries of affirmative action] to take advantage of group preference policies; that they tend to benefit primarily the most fortunate among the preferred group (e.g., upper and middle class ...
Sex-based affirmative action refers to policies adopted by employers and educational institutions that allow for the consideration of sex as one factor in employment actions or university admissions. Because Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in employment actions on the basis of sex, affirmative action plans ...
[10] [11] In the United States, affirmative action is controversial [12] and public opinion on the subject is divided. Supporters of affirmative action argue that it promotes substantive equality for group outcomes and representation for groups, which are socio-economically disadvantaged or have faced historical discrimination or oppression.
Diversity themes gained momentum in the mid-1980s. At a time when President Ronald Reagan discussed dismantling equality and affirmative action laws in the 1980s, equality and affirmative action professionals employed by American firms along with equality consultants, engaged in establishing the argument that a diverse workforce should be seen as a competitive advantage rather than just as a ...
Executive Order 11246, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson, was an executive order of the Article II branch of the United States federal government, in place from 1965 to 2025, specifying non-discriminatory practices and affirmative action in federal government hiring and employment.
Affirmative Action is Dead: Long Live Affirmative Action. Yale University Press. pp. 29– 60. ISBN 0-30-010129-5. Fullinwider, Robert K. (1980). The Reverse Discrimination Controversy: A Moral and Legal Analysis. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-6273-X. Goldman, Alan H. (1979). Justice and Reverse Discrimination ...
Hopwood v. Texas, 78 F.3d 932 (5th Cir. 1996), [1] was the first successful legal challenge to a university's affirmative action policy in student admissions since Regents of the University of California v.