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Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) can be used to treat menstrual cycle disorders including heavy menstrual bleeding, [9] and pelvic pain disorders such as endometriosis [10] and dysmenorrhea. [11] CHCs are also a first line treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome for menstrual abnormalities, acne, and hirsutism. [12]
Women who are experiencing menstrual dysfunction due to female athlete triad are sometimes prescribed oral contraceptives as pills that can create menstrual bleeding cycles. [78] However, the condition's underlying cause is energy deficiency and should be treated by correcting the imbalance between calories eaten and calories burned by exercise.
Pregnancy occurs in about 0.3% of women with perfect use and 9% of women with typical use. [5] Common side effects include irregular vaginal bleeding, nausea, sore breasts, vaginitis, mood changes, and headache. [6] Rare but serious side effects may include blood clots, toxic shock syndrome, anaphylaxis, gallstones, and liver problems. [6]
Clomifene citrate (Clomid is a common brand name) is the medication which is most commonly used to treat anovulation. It is a selective estrogen-receptor modulator, affecting the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis to respond as if there was an estrogen deficit in the body, in effect increasing the production of follicle-stimulating hormone.
Users of levonorgestrel often experience menses before the expected date. [40] A prescription for levonorgestrel is not needed and can be found over the counter at local pharmacies. [45] Because levonorgestrel does not have any life-threatening side effects, it has been approved by the FDA for use by all age groups. [45]
Clomifene, also known as clomiphene, is a medication used to treat infertility in women who do not ovulate, including those with polycystic ovary syndrome. [5] It is taken by mouth. [5] Common side effects include pelvic pain and hot flashes. [5] Other side effects can include changes in vision, vomiting, trouble sleeping, ovarian cancer, and ...
Progesterone (P4), sold under the brand name Prometrium among others, is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone. [20] It is a progestogen and is used in combination with estrogens mainly in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low sex hormone levels in women.
A 2012 meta-analysis estimated that the absolute risk of VTE is 2 per 10,000 women for non-use, 8 per 10,000 women for ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel-containing birth control pills, and 10 to 15 per 10,000 women for birth control pills containing ethinylestradiol and a newer-generation progestin. [76]