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Large studies of patients have also failed to show any correlation between lower urinary tract symptoms and a specific diagnosis. [11] Also, recently a report of lower urinary tract symptoms even with malignant features in the prostate failed to be associated with prostate cancer after further laboratory investigation of the biopsy. [10]
Urethral syndrome is defined as symptoms suggestive of a lower urinary tract infection but in the absence of significant bacteriuria with a conventional pathogen. [1] It is a diagnosis of exclusion in patients with dysuria and frequency without demonstrable infection. [2] In women, vaginitis should also be ruled out. [3]
Lower urinary tract infections may involve the bladder (cystitis) or urethra while upper urinary tract infections affect the kidney (pyelonephritis). [10] Symptoms from a lower urinary tract infection include suprapubic pain, painful urination , frequency and urgency of urination despite having an empty bladder. [1]
Females have a comparatively shorter and straight urethra, whereas males have a longer and curved urethra. In females, bacteria can reach the bladder more easily, as they have less distance to travel. Most urinary tract infections are uncomplicated. [3] Chlamydia; Cystitis; Hemorrhagic cystitis; Kidney stones
Urethral hypermobility is a condition of excessive movement of the female urethra due to a weakened urogenital diaphragm. It describes the instability of the urethra in relation to the pelvic floor muscles. A weakened pelvic floor muscle fails to adequately close the urethra and hence can cause stress urinary incontinence. This condition may be ...
Urinary tract infections [1] Duration: Long term [1] Causes: Lack of estrogen [1] Risk factors: Menopause, breastfeeding, certain medications [1] Diagnostic method: Based on symptoms [1] Differential diagnosis: Infectious vaginitis, vulvar cancer, contact dermatitis [2] Treatment: Vaginal estrogen [1] Frequency: Half of women (after menopause) [1]
Sacral neuromodulation is the only treatment that has been found to restore voiding in women with Fowler's syndrome. It delivers an electric current to the neural reflexes associated with lower urinary tract function via stimulation of the S3 spinal nerve root.
It is estimated to be present in as low as 0.02% of all women and as high as 6% of all women, and 40% of women with lower urinary tract symptoms. [1] [2] Most symptomatic urethral diverticula are present in women from 30 to 60 years old. [3] 84% of periurethral masses are due to urethral diverticula. [1]