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Threonine (symbol Thr or T) [2] is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH + 3 form when dissolved in water), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated −COO − form when dissolved in water), and a side chain containing a hydroxyl group, making it a polar, uncharged amino acid.
In addition to the common amino acid L-tyrosine, which is the para isomer (para-tyr, p-tyr or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine), there are two additional regioisomers, namely meta-tyrosine (also known as 3-hydroxyphenylalanine, L-m-tyrosine, and m-tyr) and ortho-tyrosine (o-tyr or 2-hydroxyphenylalanine), that occur in nature.
Parts-per-million cube of relative abundance by mass of elements in an average adult human body down to 1 ppm. About 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements: potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium ...
Used in proteins and as a storage for ammonia, it is the most abundant amino acid in the body. Arginine: R Arg Functionally similar to lysine. Serine: S Ser Serine and threonine have a short group ended with a hydroxyl group. Its hydrogen is easy to remove, so serine and threonine often act as hydrogen donors in enzymes.
Threonine proteases use the amino acid threonine as their catalytic nucleophile. Unlike cysteine and serine, threonine is a secondary hydroxyl (i.e. has a methyl group). This methyl group greatly restricts the possible orientations of triad and substrate as the methyl clashes with either the enzyme backbone or histidine base. [2]
Amino acid biosynthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the amino acids are produced. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism's diet or growth media. Not all organisms are able to synthesize all amino acids.
Allothreonine is an amino acid with the formula CH 3 CH(OH)CH(NH 2)CO 2 H. It is the diastereomer of the amino acid threonine. Like most other amino acids, allothreonine is a water-soluble colorless solid. Although not one of the proteinogenic amino acids, it has often been the subject for the synthesis of novel proteins using an expanded ...
In plants, the shikimate pathway first leads to the formation of chorismate, which is the precursor of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan.These aromatic amino acids are the precursors of many secondary metabolites, all essential to a plant's biological functions, such as the hormones salicylate and auxin.