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Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) or haemagglutinin [p] (British English) is a homotrimeric glycoprotein found on the surface of influenza viruses and is integral to its infectivity. Hemagglutinin is a class I fusion protein , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] having multifunctional activity as both an attachment factor and membrane fusion protein .
A general procedure for HA is as follows, a serial dilution of virus is prepared across the rows in a U or V- bottom shaped 96-well microtiter plate. [5] The most concentrated sample in the first well is often diluted to be 1/5x of the stock, and subsequent wells are typically two-fold dilutions (1/10, 1/20, 1/40, etc.).
Influenza strains are named for the specific hemagglutinin variant they produce, along with the specific variant of another surface protein, neuraminidase. These hemagglutinins are subject to rapid evolution via antigenic shift and drift in the influenza avian reservoir. This results in new subtype of hemagglutinins being created frequently ...
The structure of the influenza virus neuraminidase. [2] Structure of Influenza, showing neuraminidase marked as NA and hemagglutinin as HA Influenza virus replication, showing how in step 6 the neuraminidase and hemagglutinin proteins incorporated into the host cell's membrane are used to escape.
Sequence alignment of 27 H9N2 avian influenza hemagglutinin protein sequences. The top section is colored by residue conservation and the bottom by residue chemical properties. Alignment produced with ClustalW. Date: 19 July 2006: Source: Own work: Author: Opabinia regalis: Permission (Reusing this file) GDFL
The HA-tag is a protein tag derived from the human influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein, which allows the virus to target and enter host cells. An HA-tag is composed of a peptide derived from the HA-molecule corresponding to amino acids 98-106, which can be recognized and selectively bound by commercially available antibodies .
Diagram of influenza nomenclature. There are two antigenic proteins on the surface of the viral envelope, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. [21] Different influenza virus genomes encode different hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. Based on their serotype, there are 18 known types of hemagglutinin and 11 types of neuraminidase.
It has recently been recommended as a fast and cost-effective epitope mapping approach, [35] using the complex protein system influenza hemagglutinin as an example. Cross-linking-coupled mass spectrometry. [36] Antibody and antigen are bound to a labeled cross-linker, and complex formation is confirmed by high-mass MALDI detection.