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In Hindu traditions, moksha is a central concept [6] and the utmost aim of human life; the other three aims are dharma (virtuous, proper, moral life), artha (material prosperity, income security, means of life), and kama (pleasure, sensuality, emotional fulfillment). [7] Together, these four concepts are called Puruṣārtha in Hinduism. [8]
Hinduism, with about one billion followers [14] is the world's third-largest religion, after Christianity and Islam. Hinduism has been called the " oldest religion " in the world and is traditionally called Sanātana Dharma , "the eternal law " or the "eternal way"; [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] beyond human origins. [ 17 ]
It is "a Pakistan-based international organization working to promote peace, tolerance, interfaith harmony and education, tackle extremism and terrorism, engage with young Muslims for religious moderation, promote women's rights, development and empowerment, and provide social welfare and promotion of human rights".
In India, Buddhism emerged during a somewhat tumultuous time for the long-standing practices of Brahmanical Hinduism laid out in the Vedas and Upanishads.Shortly before the emergence of Buddhism a group of philosophical thinkers and holy men decided that they no longer bought into the often class based practices of the Vedas, and abandoned the old teachings and practices of the Brahmins.
Advaita Vedanta is often presented as an elite scholarly tradition belonging to the orthodox Hindu Vedānta [note 8] tradition, emphasizing scholarly works written in Sanskrit; [22] as such, it is an "iconic representation of Hindu religion and culture."
Buddhism, a philosophy that denies existence of ātman (Self) [36] and is based on the teachings and enlightenment of Gautama Buddha. Jainism , a philosophy that accepts the existence of the ātman (Self), and is based on the teachings and enlightenment of twenty-four teachers known as tirthankaras , with Rishabha as the first and Mahavira as ...
Islamic philosophy refers to philosophy produced in an Islamic society. As it is not necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor exclusively produced by Muslims, [3] many scholars prefer the term "Arabic philosophy." [4] Islamic philosophy is a generic term that can be defined and used in different ways.
The theistic category includes most forms of Jewish, Christian and Islamic mysticism and occasional Hindu examples such as Ramanuja and the Bhagavad Gita. [7] The monistic type, which according to Zaehner is based upon the experience of the unity of one's soul in isolation from the material and psychic world, [ 7 ] [ note 1 ] includes early ...