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Female dogs are at risk for endometritis and pyometra in the postpartum period and after estrus or vaginitis. Signs and symptoms include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, excessive thirst, restlessness, a foul smelling vaginal discharge which may or may not be bloody, infertility, or they may be asymptomatic.
Dogs commonly give birth in a whelping box, a simple box or pen provided to the dam to help shelter and contain the puppies. A person who intentionally mates dogs to produce puppies is referred to as a dog breeder. Line breeding is the planned breeding of dogs with their relatives. This is done to strengthen the appearance of specific desired ...
A female dog is usually diestrous (goes into heat typically twice per year), although some breeds typically have one or three cycles per year. The proestrus is relatively long at 5 to 9 days, while the estrus may last 4 to 13 days, with a diestrus of 60 days followed by about 90 to 150 days of anestrus.
Theriogenology is a specialty of veterinary medicine concerned with animal reproduction. This includes the physiology and pathology of male and female reproductive systems of animals and the clinical practice of veterinary obstetrics, gynecology, andrology and assisted reproductive technologies (ART).
For free-ranging dogs, less than 1 in 5 reach sexual maturity, [76] and the median life expectancy for feral dogs is less than half of dogs living with humans. [ 77 ] Reproduction
Vaginal cytology is a microscopic examination of cells from the vaginal epithelium.In veterinary medicine, it helps differentiate the stages of the mammalian estrous cycle because the vaginal epithelium changes in response to sex hormone levels; practically, it is used to distinguish when a female canine is at a particular point in the estrous cycle. [1]
As of 2013, an estimated 75% of 700 million dogs worldwide were free to roam and reproduce, resulting in overpopulation, high mortality rates and poor health. [1] The main management approach is surgical sterilization, i.e. the removal of testes or ovaries, often performed through trap-neuter-return strategies. [2]
The less a female mates with other males after copulation with a male, the more likely it is for him to ensure his paternity. These chemicals may also serve to increase the female's reproductive success, but at the cost of decreased longevity and immune response. [20] In many species, seminal fluid can be used as a sort of mating plug. Males of ...