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The Chicago Manual of Style (abbreviated as CMOS, TCM, or CMS, or sometimes as Chicago [1]) is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 18 editions (the most recent in 2024) have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing.
Parenthetical referencing works well in combination with substantive notes. When the note system is used for source citations, two different systems of note marking and placement are needed—in Chicago Style, for instance, "the citation notes should be numbered and appear as endnotes.
Forms of short citations used include author-date referencing (APA style, Harvard style, or Chicago style), and author-title or author-page referencing (MLA style or Chicago style). As before, the list of footnotes is automatically generated in a "Notes" or "Footnotes" section, which immediately precedes the "References" section containing the ...
Note that the Chicago Manual of Style states that "Well-known reference books, such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias, are normally cited in notes rather than bibliographies." CBE/CSE Style Citation in CBE/CSE style , as recommended by the Council of Science Editors :
The Chicago Manual of Style, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, Chicago Style for Students and Researchers, by Kate L. Turabian. Often referred to as "Turabian." MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, by Joseph Gibaldi. Often referred to as "MLA".
This list of style guide abbreviations provides the meanings of the abbreviations that are commonly used as short ways to refer to major style guides. They are used especially by editors communicating with other editors in manuscript queries, proof queries, marginalia , emails, message boards , and so on.
Wikipedia uses various referencing systems to cite sources that support assertions in the article and to add explanatory and supplementary material. This page compares two systems that are currently used (Footnotes and Shortened footnotes) and two older systems that are deprecated and no longer used for new articles (Footnote3 and Parenthetical referencing).
IEEE style is based on the Chicago Style. [2] In IEEE style, citations are numbered , but citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts . All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.
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