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If this neural tube does not close completely, the fetus may have a birth disorder called spina bifida. In the case of spina bifida myelomeningocele, the fetus may experience changes to their brain structure among other developmental problems. [7] The second trimester is also essential for perinatal brain development. By week 20 of pregnancy ...
[1]: 24 [4] Sex differences in the brain have been found in many structures, most notably the hypothalamus and the amygdala. [2] However, few of these have been related to behavioral sex differences, and scientists are still working to establish firm links between early hormones, brain development and behavior. [2]
Exposure to ACEs, which exert effect by increasing an individual exposure to toxic stress during key periods of development, has also been linked to higher risks of chronic diseases, respiratory and heart disease, cancer and suicide. [4] More specifically, improper prenatal care increases the risk of premature births and complications during ...
In early development (before birth and during the first few months), the brain undergoes more changes in size, shape and structure than at any other time in life. Improved understanding of cerebral development during this critical period is important for mapping normal growth, and for investigating mechanisms of injury associated with risk ...
Microglia have been implicated in synaptic pruning, as they have roles in both the immune response as macrophages as well as in neuronal upkeep and synaptic plasticity in the CNS during fetal development, early postnatal development, and adolescence, in which they engulf unneeded or redundant synapses via phagocytosis.
MRI can be used to track brain activity, growth, and connectivity in children, [75] and can track brain development from when a child is a fetus. [76] EEG can be used to diagnose seizures and encephalopathy, but the conceptual age of the infant must be considered when analyzing the results. [77]
Cortical white matter increases from childhood (~9 years) to adolescence (~14 years), most notably in the frontal and parietal cortices. [8] Cortical grey matter development peaks at ~12 years of age in the frontal and parietal cortices, and 14–16 years in the temporal lobes (with the superior temporal cortex being last to mature), peaking at about roughly the same age in both sexes ...
Exposure to stress during the process of pregnancy affects fetal brain development and predisposes offspring to the development of a multitude of mental disorders. [17] Many studies have found that there is an association between ADHD and lessened functioning within the prefrontal cortex (PFC).