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Number theory is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and arithmetic functions.German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics."
For example, suppose P(L = red) = 0.2, P(L = yellow) = 0.1, and P(L = green) = 0.7. Multiplying each column in the conditional distribution by the probability of that column occurring results in the joint probability distribution of H and L, given in the central 2×3 block of entries. (Note that the cells in this 2×3 block add up to 1).
Counting assigns a natural number to each object in a set, starting with 1 for the first object and increasing by 1 for each subsequent object. The number of objects in the set is the count. This is also known as the cardinality of the set. Counting can also be the process of tallying, the process of drawing a mark for each object in a set.
Finally let 0 be some object not in or , for example the ordered pair (0,0). Then the integers are defined to be the union P ∪ P − ∪ { 0 } {\displaystyle P\cup P^{-}\cup \{0\}} . The traditional arithmetic operations can then be defined on the integers in a piecewise fashion, for each of positive numbers, negative numbers, and zero.
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In a review of Let's Count Goats!, School Library Journal wrote "Fox and Thomas draw viewers in through catchy phrases and amusing pictures of goats that appear in a variety of shapes, sizes, and numbers", [1] and called it "a clever counting lesson". [1] Let's Count Goats! has also been reviewed by Kirkus Reviews, [2] Publishers Weekly, [3 ...
Gauss published the first and second proofs of the law of quadratic reciprocity on arts 125–146 and 262 of Disquisitiones Arithmeticae in 1801.. In number theory, the law of quadratic reciprocity is a theorem about modular arithmetic that gives conditions for the solvability of quadratic equations modulo prime numbers.
Some Greek mathematicians treated the number 1 differently than larger numbers, sometimes even not as a number at all. [c] Euclid, for example, defined a unit first and then a number as a multitude of units, thus by his definition, a unit is not a number and there are no unique numbers (e.g., any two units from indefinitely many units is a 2). [17]