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The court held that, when considering graduate education, experience must be considered as part of "substantive equality." [1] The court's decision documented the differences between white and black facilities: The University of Texas Law School had 16 full-time and 3 part-time professors, while the black law school had 5 full-time professors.
Japan, race and equality: the racial equality proposal of 1919 (1998). excerpt; Smith. Shane A. "The Crisis in the Great War: W.E.B. Du Bois and His Perception of African-American Participation in World War I," Historian 70#2 (Summer 2008): 239–62. Wolgemuth, Kathleen L. "Woodrow Wilson and Federal Segregation".
Hence, the proposal had the role of appeasing the opponents by allowing Japan's acceptance of the League to be conditional on having a Racial Equality Clause inserted into the covenant of the League. [5] Despite the proposal, Japan itself had racial discrimination policies, especially towards non-Yamato people. [6] [7] [8]
The ruling determined that diversity in education could not justify making race-based distinctions. Hopwood v. Texas in 1996 was a lawsuit brought by four white applicants to the Texas Law School who were denied admission even though their grade point averages were greater than minority applications that were accepted. The four white students ...
Guinn v. United States (1915) - Ruled certain grandfather clause provisions in Southern states to be unconstitutional. Nixon v. Herndon (1927) - Ruled all-white primary elections of the Texas Democratic Party to be unconstitutional. Nixon v. Condon (1932) - Ruled reformulated all-white primary elections of the Texas Democratic Party to be ...
Japan requested that a clause upholding the principle of racial equality should be inserted, parallel to the existing religious equality clause. This was deeply opposed, particularly by American political sentiment, while Wilson himself simply ignored the question [citation needed].
Plaintiffs Abigail Noel Fisher and Rachel Multer Michalewicz applied to the University of Texas at Austin in 2008 and were denied admission. The two women, both white, filed suit, alleging that the University had discriminated against them on the basis of their race in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. [5]
The Texas Constitution mandated separate but equal facilities for whites and blacks. Sweatt was refused admission to the University of Texas School of Law because he was black. In order to pre-empt the possibility of Sweatt obtaining a successful court order, the legislature passed Texas State Senate Bill 140, which established a university to ...