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Bent's rule addresses disparities between the observed and idealized geometries. [3] According to Bent's rule, a central atom bonded to multiple groups will rehybridize so that orbitals with more s character are directed towards electropositive groups, and orbitals with more p character will be directed towards groups that are more electronegative.
A central atom is defined in this theory as an atom which is bonded to two or more other atoms, while a terminal atom is bonded to only one other atom. [1]: 398 For example in the molecule methyl isocyanate (H 3 C-N=C=O), the two carbons and one nitrogen are central atoms, and the three hydrogens and one oxygen are terminal atoms.
2 O) is a simple triatomic bent molecule with C 2v molecular symmetry and bond angle of 104.5° between the central oxygen atom and the hydrogen atoms. Despite being one of the simplest triatomic molecules, its chemical bonding scheme is nonetheless complex as many of its bonding properties such as bond angle, ionization energy, and electronic ...
For example, in carbon dioxide (CO 2), which does not have a lone pair, the oxygen atoms are on opposite sides of the carbon atom (linear molecular geometry), whereas in water (H 2 O) which has two lone pairs, the angle between the hydrogen atoms is 104.5° (bent molecular geometry).
Certain atoms, such as oxygen, will almost always set their two (or more) covalent bonds in non-collinear directions due to their electron configuration. Water (H 2 O) is an example of a bent molecule, as well as its analogues. The bond angle between the two hydrogen atoms is approximately 104.45°. [1]
The structure has a bent molecular geometry for the two hydrogens from the oxygen vertex. The oxygen atom also has two lone pairs of electrons. One effect usually ascribed to the lone pairs is that the H–O–H gas-phase bend angle is 104.48°, [ 58 ] which is smaller than the typical tetrahedral angle of 109.47°.
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This is because according to Bent's rule, the C–F bond gains p-orbital character leading to high s-character in the C–H bonds, and H–C–H bond angles approaching those of sp 2 orbitals – e.g. 120° – leaving less for the F–C–H bond angle. The difference is again explained in terms of bent bonds. [3]