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Tarr, Joel A., Thomas Finholt, and David Goodman. "The city and the telegraph: urban telecommunications in the pre-telephone era." Journal of Urban History 14.1 (1987): 38–80. Thompson, Robert Luther. Wiring a Continent: The History of the Telegraph Industry in the United States, 1832-1866 (1947) ends in 1866; emphasis on Western Union online
The condenser telephone, also known as the Phonopore telephone system, was an invention first patented in 1892 and subsequently introduced in many countries in large numbers, whereby telephone voice communications could be made over existing Morse code telegraph infrastructure at a low installation and running cost.
Cooke and Wheatstone's five-needle telegraph from 1837 Morse telegraph Hughes telegraph, an early (1855) teleprinter built by Siemens and Halske. Electrical telegraphy is a point-to-point text messaging system, primarily used from the 1840s until the late 20th century.
Earth-return telegraph is the system whereby the return path for the electric current of a telegraph circuit is provided by connection to the earth through an earth electrode. Using earth return saves a great deal of money on installation costs since it halves the amount of wire that is required, with a corresponding saving on the labour ...
The operational costs of the telegraph in the year 1799/1800 were 434,000 francs ($1.2 million in 2015 in silver costs [35]). In December 1800, Napoleon cut the budget of the telegraph system by 150,000 francs ($400,000 in 2015) [35] leading to the Paris-Lyons line being temporarily closed. Chappe sought commercial uses of the system to make up ...
The first transcontinental telegraph (completed October 24, ... The entire cost of the system was half a million dollars (equivalent to $17 million in 2023).
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In telecommunications, a neutral direct-current telegraph system (single-current system, single-current transmission system, single-Morse system) is a telegraph system in which (a) current flows during marking intervals and no current flows during spacing intervals for the transmission of signals over a line, and (b) the direction of current flow (electric polarity) is immaterial.