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In two papers outlining his "theory of atomicity of the elements" (1857–58), Friedrich August Kekulé was the first to offer a theory of how every atom in an organic molecule was bonded to every other atom. He proposed that carbon atoms were tetravalent, and could bond to themselves to form the carbon skeletons of organic molecules.
Strange matter: A type of quark matter that may exist inside some neutron stars close to the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (approximately 2–3 solar masses). May be stable at lower energy states once formed. Quark matter: Hypothetical phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons Color-glass condensate
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Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, Count of Quaregna and Cerreto [1] (/ ˌ æ v ə ˈ ɡ ɑː d r oʊ /, [2] also US: / ˌ ɑː v-/, [3] [4] [5] Italian: [ameˈdɛːo avoˈɡaːdro]; 9 August 1776 – 9 July 1856) was an Italian scientist, most noted for his contribution to molecular theory now known as Avogadro's law, which states that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of ...
6th - 2nd Century BCE Kanada (philosopher) proposes that anu is an indestructible particle of matter, an "atom"; anu is an abstraction and not observable. [1] 430 BCE [2] Democritus speculates about fundamental indivisible particles—calls them "atoms"
1944 – Lars Onsager publishes the exact solution to the two-dimensional Ising model [17] 1957 – John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and Robert Schrieffer develop the BCS theory of superconductivity [18] [19] End of the 50s – Lev Davidovich Landau develops the theory of Fermi liquid [20] 1959 – Philip Warren Anderson predicts localization in ...
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Even if material properties were modeled before 1900, condensed matter topics were considered as part of physics since the development of quantum mechanics and microscopic theories of matter. According to Philip W. Anderson, the term "condensed matter" appeared about 1965. [1]