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The side effects of cyproterone acetate (CPA), a steroidal antiandrogen and progestin, including its frequent and rare side effects, have been studied and characterized.It is generally well-tolerated and has a mild side-effect profile, regardless of dosage, when it used as a progestin or antiandrogen in combination with an estrogen such as ethinylestradiol or estradiol valerate in women.
In modern Western society, women typically have about 450 periods during their lives, as compared to about 160 formerly. [ 7 ] Although it was evident that the pill could be used to suppress menstruation for arbitrary lengths of time, the original regimen was designed to produce withdrawal bleeding every four weeks to mimic the menstrual cycle.
Patients with menstrual Oestrogen-related migraine, but without aura and additional risk factors to stroke, can be benefited from combined oral contraceptives. [83] [84] However, older women and those with a strong family history of problematic headaches may find that using hormonal oral contraceptives worsens their headache. [83] [84]
Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) can be used to treat menstrual cycle disorders including heavy menstrual bleeding, [9] and pelvic pain disorders such as endometriosis [10] and dysmenorrhea. [11] CHCs are also a first line treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome for menstrual abnormalities, acne, and hirsutism.
The signs and symptoms of menstrual disorders can cause significant stress. Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) has the potential to be one of the most urgent gynecological problems during menstruation. Dysmenorrhea is the most common.
In particular, prostaglandins induce abdominal contractions that can cause pain and gastrointestinal symptoms. [8] [9] The use of certain types of birth control pills can prevent the symptoms of dysmenorrhea because they stop ovulation from occurring. Dysmenorrhea is associated with increased pain sensitivity and heavy menstrual bleeding. [10] [11]
The exact causes of menstrual migraine are not known for sure, but there is a link between falling levels of the female hormone estrogen and the onset of a migraine attack. The estrogen level may fall after bleeding occurs during the menstrual cycle or when external sources of estrogen are no longer taken, like when a woman stops taking birth ...
However, disturbance of the menstrual cycle is common with the mini-pill; one-third to one-half of women taking it will experience prolonged periods, and up to 70% experience break-through bleeding (metrorrhagia). Irregular and prolonged bleeding is the most common reason that women discontinue using the mini pill. [26]