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The "all-or-nothing thinking distortion" is also referred to as "splitting", [20] "black-and-white thinking", [2] and "polarized thinking." [21] Someone with the all-or-nothing thinking distortion looks at life in black and white categories. [15] Either they are a success or a failure; either they are good or bad; there is no in-between.
In depression, exaggerated all-or-nothing thinking can form a self-reinforcing cycle: these thoughts might be called emotional amplifiers because, as they go around and around, they become more intense. Typical all-or-nothing thoughts: My efforts are either a success or they are an abject failure. Other people are either all good or all bad.
Cognitive restructuring (CR) is a psychotherapeutic process of learning to identify and dispute irrational or maladaptive thoughts known as cognitive distortions, [1] such as all-or-nothing thinking (splitting), magical thinking, overgeneralization, magnification, [1] and emotional reasoning, which are commonly associated with many mental health disorders. [2]
“Focusing on a task or thought that is pleasant or engaging, like a game on your phone, calling a friend, turning on the TV,” is sometimes all you need to shake the bad thoughts off, says ...
For example, if a server makes twenty dollars more than an average night, a positive feeling will be evoked. If a student earns a lower grade than is typical, a negative feeling will be evoked. Generally, upward counterfactuals are likely to result in a negative mood, while downward counterfactuals elicit positive moods. [29]
For example, students and pregnant women with a positive outlook tend to be better at dealing with stressful situations. [ 158 ] [ 157 ] This is sometimes explained by pointing out that stress is not inherent in stressful situations but depends on the agent's interpretation of the situation.
Embodied cognition is the concept suggesting that many features of cognition are shaped by the bodily state and capacities of the organism. These embodied factors include the motor system, the perceptual system, the bodily interactions with the environment (situatedness), and the assumptions about the world that shape the functional structure of the brain and body of the organism.
Research on the Aha! moment dates back more than 100 years, to the Gestalt psychologists' first experiments on chimpanzee cognition. [9] In his 1921 book, [9] Wolfgang Köhler described the first instance of insightful thinking in animals: One of his chimpanzees, Sultan, was presented with the task of reaching a banana that had been strung up high on the ceiling so that it was impossible to ...