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In India, Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code (before its repeal by introduction of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita) dealt with Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property. The maximum punishment was seven years imprisonment and a fine. [1] Section 420 is now Section 318 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita.
The Indian Penal Code (IPC) was the official criminal code in the Republic of India, inherited from British India after independence, until it was repealed and replaced by Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) in December 2023, which came into effect on 1 July 2024.
An important conduit of data to the IPC and the global humanitarian system, its reports offered strategic analysis about how conflict and other problems impact food insecurity in specific places ...
(1) A person who by any deception dishonestly obtains for himself or another any pecuniary advantage shall on conviction on indictment be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding five years. (2) The cases in which a pecuniary advantage within the meaning of this section is to be regarded as obtained for a person are cases where:- (a) . . .
The wording of the statute is highly significant because it is by a deception dishonestly and not by a dishonest deception which requires the dishonesty to be proved separately from the deception. Otherwise the dishonesty would be implied by the fact that the deception was made knowingly: see R v Greenstein . [ 7 ]
Dishonesty has had a number of definitions. For many years, there were two views of what constituted dishonesty in English law.The first contention was that the definitions of dishonesty (such as those within the Theft Act 1968) described a course of action, whereas the second contention was that the definition described a state of mind.
In law, fraud is an intentional deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain, or to deprive a victim of a legal right. Fraud can violate civil law or criminal law, or it may cause no loss of money, property, or legal right but still be an element of another civil or criminal wrong. [1]
Embezzlement (from Anglo-Norman, from Old French besillier ("to torment, etc."), of unknown origin) [1] is a term commonly used for a type of financial crime, usually involving theft of money from a business or employer.