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In modern public-finance literature, a whole economy of the tax system has developed (tax system economics), which can be defined as "the overall management of public revenue of a state or integration grouping's public revenues and expenditures in order to shape smart economic policies that stimulates economic growth and development and ...
A poll tax, also called a per capita tax, or capitation tax, is a tax that levies a set amount per individual. It is an example of the concept of fixed tax. One of the earliest taxes mentioned in the Bible of a half-shekel per annum from each adult Jew (Ex. 30:11–16) was a form of the poll tax. Poll taxes are administratively cheap because ...
Top marginal tax rate of the income tax (i.e. the maximum rate of taxation applied to the highest part of income) The concept of taxing income is a modern innovation and presupposes several things: a money economy , reasonably accurate accounts , a common understanding of receipts, expenses and profits , and an orderly society with reliable ...
Progressive taxation is often suggested as a way to mitigate the societal ills associated with higher income inequality, [11] as the tax structure reduces inequality; [12] economists disagree on the tax policy's economic and long-term effects.
Although tax policy is often mentioned in relation to supply-side economics, supply-side economists are concerned with all impediments to the supply of goods and services and not just taxation. [45] In their economics textbook Principles of Economics (7th edition), economists Karl E. Case of Wellesley College and Ray Fair of Yale University ...
The tax gap is the difference between the amount of tax legally owed and the amount actually collected by the government. The tax gap in 2006 was estimated to be $450 billion. [125] The tax gap two years later in 2008 was estimated to be in the range of $450–$500 billion and unreported income was estimated to be approximately $2 trillion. [126]
Of course, it’s still important to protect your wealth regardless of what economic tier you fall under. By having a diversified portfolio, those in the upper class can maintain their position.
The basic principle of horizontal equity is based on the concept of distributive justice, in which taxpayers should pay the same level of income tax in proportion to their respective income groups. Most important, but more costly is to define income groups, knowing that each individual consumes and saves in different ways, making it very hard ...