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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are caused by alcohol exposure during gestational development. [1] If an individual was not exposed to alcohol before birth, they will not have FASD. [28] However, not all infants exposed to alcohol in utero will have detectable FAS, FASD, or pregnancy complications. [29]
In addition to its effects on the pancreas which can cause malabsorption, alcohol can cause a form of vitamin A deficiency localized to the human eye. Retinol requires retinol dehydrogenase to be converted to retinaldehyde; retinol dehydrogenase is the same enzyme as alcohol dehydrogenase. In people with chronic alcohol abuse, alcohol may ...
In the 1983 edition of his book, Vaillant required four positive answers to questions on his Problem Drinking Scale (PDS) to indicate alcohol abuse. To diagnose full-blown alcoholism—i.e. alcohol dependence—he used DSM III, which requires either physical tolerance or physiological withdrawal. [14]
The modern disease theory of alcoholism states that problem drinking is sometimes caused by a disease of the brain, characterized by altered brain structure and function. Today, alcohol use disorder (AUD) is used as a more scientific and suitable approach to alcohol dependence and alcohol -related problems.
The reaction is the result of an accumulation of acetaldehyde, a metabolic byproduct of the catabolic metabolism of alcohol, and is caused by an aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency. [4] This syndrome has been associated with lower than average rates of alcoholism, possibly due to its association with adverse effects after drinking alcohol. [5]
Children of addicts have an increased suicide rate and on average have total health care costs 32 percent greater than children of nonalcoholic families. [9] [10] According to the American Psychiatric Association, physicians stated three criteria to diagnose this disease: physiological problems, such as hand tremors and blackouts
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greater than 7 standard drinks units per week or greater than 3 standard drinks on a single occasion in women [10] any drinking in pregnant women or persons < 21 years old [10] Binge drinking is a pattern of alcohol consumption that brings blood alcohol concentration ≥ 0.08%, usually corresponding to: