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Mac OS X succeeded classic Mac OS, the primary Macintosh operating system from 1984 to 2001. Its underlying architecture came from NeXT's NeXTSTEP, as a result of Apple's acquisition of NeXT, which also brought Steve Jobs back to Apple. The first desktop version, Mac OS X 10.0, was released on March 24, 2001.
XNU ("X is Not Unix") is the computer operating system (OS) kernel developed at Apple Inc. since December 1996 for use in the Mac OS X (now macOS) operating system and released as free and open-source software as part of the Darwin OS, which, in addition to being the basis for macOS, is also the basis for Apple TV Software, iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, visionOS, and tvOS.
macOS is the successor of the classic Mac OS, which had nine releases between 1984 and 1999. The last version of classic Mac OS, Mac OS 9, was introduced in 1999. Mac OS 9 was succeeded by Mac OS X in 2001. [196] Over the years, Mac OS X was rebranded first to OS X and later to macOS. [197] macOS is a derivative of NextSTEP and FreeBSD.
Precursors to Mac OS X include OPENSTEP, Apple's Rhapsody project, and the Mac OS X Public Beta. macOS is based on Apple's open source Darwin operating system, which is based on the XNU kernel and BSD. [14] macOS is the basis for some of Apple's other operating systems, including iPhone OS/iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, tvOS, and visionOS.
Rhapsody built on NeXTSTEP, porting the core system to the PowerPC architecture and adding a redesigned user interface based on the Platinum user interface from Mac OS 8. An emulation layer called Blue Box allowed Mac OS applications to run within an actual instance of the Mac OS and an integrated Java platform. [1]
"About This Computer" Mac OS 9.1 window showing the memory consumption of each open application and the system software itself. Historically, the classic Mac OS used a form of memory management that has fallen out of favor in modern systems. Criticism of this approach was one of the key areas addressed by the change to Mac OS X.
Mac OS X v10.2.8 7.0 October 24, 2003 Mac OS X Panther: Mac OS X v10.3.0 BSD layer synchronized with FreeBSD 5; Automatic file defragmentation, hot-file clustering and optional case sensitivity in HFS+; Bash instead of tcsh as default shell; Read-only NTFS support (Darwin 7.9) [29] 7.9 April 15, 2005 Mac OS X v10.3.9 8.0 April 29, 2005
Paged allocation divides the computer's primary memory into fixed-size units called page frames, and the program's virtual address space into pages of the same size. The hardware memory management unit maps pages to frames. The physical memory can be allocated on a page basis while the address space appears contiguous.