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Blood gas tension refers to the partial pressure of gases in blood. [1] There are several significant purposes for measuring gas tension. [2] The most common gas tensions measured are oxygen tension (P x O 2), carbon dioxide tension (P x CO 2) and carbon monoxide tension (P x CO). [3]
An ABG test measures the blood gas tension values of the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), and the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), and the blood's pH. In addition, the arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) can be determined. Such information is vital when caring for patients with critical illnesses or respiratory disease.
Samples from the earlobe are seen to be a more appropriate site for the prediction of the arterial partial pressure of oxygen. [3] Blood gas tests also measure the levels of bicarbonate and standard bicarbonate, base excess, oxygen saturation, and pH. Typically, an arterial blood gas test is used more often than venous blood gas tests. [4]
The atmospheric pressure is roughly equal to the sum of partial pressures of constituent gases – oxygen, nitrogen, argon, water vapor, carbon dioxide, etc.. In a mixture of gases, each constituent gas has a partial pressure which is the notional pressure of that constituent gas as if it alone occupied the entire volume of the original mixture at the same temperature. [1]
Serious hypoxemia typically occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen in blood is less than 60 mmHg (8.0 kPa), the beginning of the steep portion of the oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve, where a small decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen results in a large decrease in the oxygen content of the blood.
The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood at which the hemoglobin is 50% saturated, typically about 26.6 mmHg (3.5 kPa) for a healthy person, is known as the P 50. The P 50 is a conventional measure of hemoglobin affinity for oxygen.
The primary diagnostic method for hyperoxia involves measuring the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood through arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. This approach is considered the gold standard for diagnosing hyperoxia, as it accurately assesses PaO2 levels.
The alveolar gas equation is the method for calculating partial pressure of alveolar oxygen (p A O 2). The equation is used in assessing if the lungs are properly transferring oxygen into the blood .