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Solar-cell efficiencies of laboratory-scale devices using these materials have increased from 3.8% in 2009 [3] to 25.7% in 2021 in single-junction architectures, [4] [5] and, in silicon-based tandem cells, to 29.8%, [4] [6] exceeding the maximum efficiency achieved in single-junction silicon solar cells. Perovskite solar cells have therefore ...
The main obstacle to viable tin perovskite solar cells is the instability of tin's oxidation state Sn 2+, which is easily oxidized to the stabler Sn 4+. [10] In solar cell research, this process is called self-doping, [11] because the Sn 4+ acts as a p-dopant and reduces solar cell efficiency.
Perovskite solar cells are very new and many research in solar cells is focussed on these promising technologies. In these solar cells different effects have been observed after light soaking. Both increases and decreases in device performance have been found. These effects can be reversible as well as permanent.
Perovskite solar cells are also forecast to be extremely cheap to scale up, making them a very attractive option for commercialisation. So far most types of perovskite solar cells have not reached sufficient operational stability to be commercialised, although many research groups are investigating ways to solve this. [99]
Solar cell efficiency of perovskite solar cells have increased from 3.8% in 2009 [47] to 25.2% in 2020 in single-junction architectures, [48] and, in silicon-based tandem cells, to 29.1%, [48] exceeding the maximum efficiency achieved in single-junction silicon solar cells. [additional citation(s) needed]
Perovskite solar cells have therefore been the fastest-advancing solar technology as of 2016. [123] With the potential of achieving even higher efficiencies and very low production costs, perovskite solar cells have become commercially attractive. Core problems and research subjects include their short- and long-term stability. [129]
However, the solar cells are prone to degradation due to volatility of the organic [CH 3 NH 3] + I − salt. The all-inorganic perovskite cesium lead iodide perovskite (CsPbI 3) circumvents this problem, but is itself phase-unstable, the low temperature solution methods of which have only been recently developed. [47]
Thin-film solar cells, a second generation of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells: Top: thin-film silicon laminates being installed onto a roof. Middle: CIGS solar cell on a flexible plastic backing and rigid CdTe panels mounted on a supporting structure Bottom: thin-film laminates on rooftops Thin-film solar cells are a type of solar cell made by depositing one or more thin layers (thin films or ...