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Interdependence approaches to prejudice reduction are based on psychologist, Morton Deutsch's, theory of interdependence. [2] According to this theory, when two groups realize that they have a common issue that can only be solved by pooling their resources together, they are more likely to engage in cooperative behaviors.
The reduction of prejudice through intergroup contact can be described as the reconceptualization of group categories. Allport (1954) claimed that prejudice is a direct result of generalizations and oversimplifications made about an entire group of people based on incomplete or mistaken information.
Allport's Scale of Prejudice goes from 1 to 5. Antilocution : Antilocution occurs when an in-group freely purports negative images of an out-group. [ 2 ] Hate speech is the extreme form of this stage. [ 3 ]
Another limitation supported by the social-pressure hypothesis of belief congruence theory is that in environments where prejudice is institutionalised or socially accepted, belief congruence does not apply, and prejudice simply becomes a matter of ethnic group membership, as found in empirical evidence from relevant studies. [15] [16] [17] [18]
The word "prejudice" can also refer to unfounded or pigeonholed beliefs [3] [4] and it may apply to "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence". [5] Gordon Allport defined prejudice as a "feeling, favorable or unfavorable, toward a person or thing, prior to, or not based on, actual experience". [6]
The book was called a classic a decade after its initial publication, in 1965. [3] Irwin Katz, writing in Political Psychology in 1991 on the topic of "classics in political psychology", called the book a landmark and "one of the most influential and often-cited publications in the entire field of intergroup relations". [4]
Prejudice is often associated with discrimination, which, in the colloquial sense, means the active and explicit exclusion and derogation of a group based on preconceived and/or unfounded judgments. Although this type of discrimination certainly exists, an evolutionary perspective does not necessarily justify its presence.
The theory states that perceived threat leads to prejudice but the outcomes of that prejudice itself can also lead into increased perceived threat. [16] Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory counters the way that ITT conceptualizes anxiety as harmful for relationships between social groups. Instead, it understands anxiety as helpful for leading ...