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Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a diverse set of methods used by scientists for both observational and experimental research. SEM is used mostly in the social and behavioral science fields, but it is also used in epidemiology, [2] business, [3] and other fields. A common definition of SEM is, "...a class of methodologies that seeks to ...
Electron channelling contrast imaging (ECCI) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) diffraction technique used in the study of defects in materials. These can be dislocations or stacking faults that are close to the surface of the sample, low angle grain boundaries or atomic steps.
An account of the early history of scanning electron microscopy has been presented by McMullan. [2] [3] Although Max Knoll produced a photo with a 50 mm object-field-width showing channeling contrast by the use of an electron beam scanner, [4] it was Manfred von Ardenne who in 1937 invented [5] a microscope with high resolution by scanning a very small raster with a demagnified and finely ...
The partial least squares path modeling or partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-PM, PLS-SEM) [1] [2] [3] is a method for structural equation modeling that allows estimation of complex cause-effect relationships in path models with latent variables.
The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that allows for the option of collecting electron micrographs of specimens that are wet, uncoated, or both by allowing for a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber.
CryoSEM of biological samples with a high moisture content can be done faster with fewer sample preparation steps than conventional SEM. In addition, the dehydration processes needed to prepare a biological sample for a conventional SEM chamber create numerous distortions in the tissue leading to structural artifacts during imaging. [2] [3] [4] [5]
Thin section of quartz from a hydrothermal vein - left in CL and right in transmitted light. In geology, mineralogy, materials science and semiconductor engineering, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) fitted with a cathodoluminescence detector, or an optical cathodoluminescence microscope, may be used to examine internal structures of semiconductors, rocks, ceramics, glass, etc. in order to ...
Shem or Sem, one of the sons of Noah, as depicted in the Bible; Sem (given name), a usually masculine given name; Sem (artist) (1863–1934), French caricaturist; Elise Sem (1870–1950), Norwegian barrister, women's activist, and sports official; Ingebjørg Dahl Sem (born 1938), Norwegian Christian writer; Ingebjørg Sem (1931–2009 ...