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The T helper cells (T h cells), also known as CD4 + cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines .
HIV tropism refers to the cell type in which the human immunodeficiency virus infects and replicates. HIV tropism of a patient's virus is measured by the Trofile assay . HIV can infect a variety of cells such as CD4+ helper T-cells and macrophages that express the CD4 molecule on their surface.
CD4+ T helper cells are white blood cells that are an essential part of the human immune system. They are often referred to as CD4 cells, T helper cells or T4 cells. They are called helper cells because one of their main roles is to send signals to other types of immune cells, including CD8 killer cells, which then destroy the infectious ...
HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4 + T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells, [12] apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, [13] direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4 + T cells by CD8 + cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. [14]
HIV is commonly transmitted via unprotected sexual activity, blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and from mother to child.Upon acquisition of the virus, the virus replicates inside and kills T helper cells, which are required for almost all adaptive immune responses.
Although most HIV-1 infected individuals have a detectable viral load and in the absence of treatment will eventually progress to AIDS, a small proportion (about 5%) retain high levels of CD4 + T cells (T helper cells) without antiretroviral therapy for more than five years.
T helper cells (T H cells) assist other lymphocytes, including the maturation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells, and activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages. These cells are also known as CD4 + T cells as they express the CD4 glycoprotein on their surfaces.
As the helper T cells grow and divide, they produce effecter helper T cells (which help coordinate the immune system response to HIV). The effector T cells utilize cytokines to mobilize other immune cells to join the combat against HIV. The cytokines promote the maturation of B cells into plasma cells. Then the plasma cells secrete antibodies ...
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