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The pore forming effects in cells causes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It also activates G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated opening of transient receptor potential channels. Finally melittin up-regulates the expression of Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 sodium channels in nociceptor cell causing long term action potential firing and pain sensation.
Honey is a sweet and viscous substance made by several species of bees, the best-known of which are honey bees. [1] [2] Honey is made and stored to nourish bee colonies.Bees produce honey by gathering and then refining the sugary secretions of plants (primarily floral nectar) or the secretions of other insects, like the honeydew of aphids.
The western honey bee or European honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most common of the 7–12 species of honey bees worldwide. [3] [4] The genus name Apis is Latin for 'bee', and mellifera is the Latin for 'honey-bearing' or 'honey-carrying', referring to the species' production of honey.
Nosema ceranae was first described in 1996 and was identified as a disease of Apis mellifera in 2004 in Taiwan. [4] Since its emergence in honeybees, N. ceranae has been identified in bumblebee species in South America, [5] China, [6] and England where infection studies indicate N. ceranae has a higher virulence in bumblebees than honeybees.
The Africanized bee, also known as the Africanized honey bee (AHB) and colloquially as the "killer bee", is a hybrid of the western honey bee (Apis mellifera), produced originally by crossbreeding of the East African lowland honey bee (A. m. scutellata) with various European honey bee subspecies such as the Italian honey bee (A. m. ligustica) and the Iberian honey bee (A. m. iberiensis).
Research in men and women with Addison’s disease showed that 50 milligrams of DHEA a day for three months led to improved hormone levels, well-being, self-esteem, fatigue and mood. PeopleImages ...
Berberine offers many potential benefits, from weight loss support to blood sugar regulation, says Alma Simmons, a registered dietitian nutritionist at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center.
Beekeeping (or apiculture) is the maintenance of bee colonies, commonly in artificial beehives. Honey bees in the genus Apis are the most commonly kept species but other honey producing bees such as Melipona stingless bees are also kept.