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  2. Desalination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination

    Mangrove leaf with salt crystals. Evaporation of water over the oceans in the water cycle is a natural desalination process. The formation of sea ice produces ice with little salt, much lower than in seawater. Seabirds distill seawater using countercurrent exchange in a gland with a rete mirabile.

  3. Solar desalination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_desalination

    Single-phase desalination processes include reverse osmosis and membrane distillation, where membranes filter water from contaminants. [15] [17] As of 2014 reverse osmosis (RO) made up about 52% of indirect methods. [21] [22] Pumps push salt water through RO modules at high pressure. [15] [21] RO systems depend on pressure differences. A ...

  4. Multiple-effect distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-effect_distillation

    Schematic of a multiple effect desalination plant. The first stage is at the top. Pink areas are vapor, lighter blue areas are liquid feed water. Stronger turquoise is condensate. It is not shown how feed water enters other stages than the first. F - feed water in. S - heating steam in. C - heating steam out. W - Fresh water (condensate) out.

  5. Multi-stage flash distillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-stage_flash_distillation

    Such plants can operate at 23–27 kWh/m 3 (appr. 90 MJ/m 3) of distilled water. [5] Because the colder salt water entering the process counterflows with the saline waste water/distilled water, relatively little heat energy leaves in the outflow—most of the heat is picked up by the colder saline water flowing toward the heater and the energy ...

  6. Geothermal desalination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_Desalination

    Geothermal desalination refers to the process of using geothermal energy to power the process of converting salt water to fresh water. The process is considered economically efficient, and while overall environmental impact is uncertain, it has potential to be more environmentally friendly compared to conventional desalination options. [ 1 ]

  7. They used to call California ocean desalination a disaster ...

    www.aol.com/news/used-call-california-ocean...

    Still, Mitchell said he thinks desalination has a place in California’s water portfolio,and noted that it has already proved viable in Australia and Israel, which gets nearly 90% of its drinking ...

  8. Reverse osmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

    Brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) is the desalination of water with less salt than seawater, usually from river estuaries or saline wells. The process is substantially the same as SWRO, but requires lower pressures and less energy. [1] Up to 80% of the feed water input can be recovered as fresh water, depending on feed salinity.

  9. Capacitive deionization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitive_deionization

    This is mainly because CDI removes the salt ions from the water, while the other technologies extract the water from the salt solution. [6] [8] Historically, CDI has been referred to as electrochemical demineralization, "electrosorb process for desalination of water", or electrosorption of salt ions.