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Whiteboards became commercially available in the early 1960s, but did not become widely used until 30 years later. Early whiteboards needed to be wiped with a damp cloth and markers had a tendency to leave marks behind, even after the board was erased. [2] [3] In 1974, whiteboards were proposed as additional equipment for Soviet schools. [4]
A blackboard can simply be a board painted with a dark matte paint (usually black, occasionally dark green). [1] Matte black plastic sign material (known as closed-cell PVC foamboard) is also used to create custom chalkboard art. [2] Blackboards on an A-frame are used by restaurants and bars to advertise daily specials. [3]
This list of African-American inventors and scientists documents many of the African Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives. These have ranged from practical everyday devices to applications and scientific discoveries in diverse fields, including physics, biology, math, and medicine.
African-American art is known as a broad term describing visual art created by African Americans. The range of art they have created, and are continuing to create, over more than two centuries is as varied as the artists themselves. [ 1 ]
Andre Gunder Frank's Sociology of Development and Underdevelopment of Sociology is published. Ernest Gellner's Saints of the Atlas is published. Edmund Leach's Genesis as Myth and Other Essays is published. David Matza's Causes of Delinquency is published. Ralph Miliband's The State in Capitalist Society is published.
The Black Arts Movement (BAM) was an African-American-led art movement that was active during the 1960s and 1970s. [3] Through activism and art, BAM created new cultural institutions and conveyed a message of black pride. [4]
“In the 1960s, the Black power movement used it as a gesture to represent the struggle for civil rights.” Although the clenched fist would later be used by other oppressed groups, including ...
Jeff Donaldson (1932 – 2004) was a visual artist whose work helped define the Black Arts Movement of the 1960s and 1970s. [1] Donaldson, co-founder of AfriCOBRA and contributor to the momentous Wall of Respect, was a pioneer in African-American personal and academic achievement.