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External hydrocephalus is a condition generally seen in infants which involves enlarged fluid spaces or subarachnoid spaces around the outside of the brain. This condition is generally benign , and resolves spontaneously by two years of age [ 45 ] and therefore usually does not require insertion of a shunt.
Perivascular spaces may be enlarged to a diameter of five millimeters in healthy humans and do not imply disease. When enlarged, they can disrupt the function of the brain regions into which they project. [5] Dilation can occur on one or both sides of the brain. [7] Dilated perivascular spaces are categorized into three types: [7]
Arachnoid granulations (also arachnoid villi, and pacchionian granulations or bodies) are small outpouchings of the arachnoid mater and subarachnoid space into the dural venous sinuses of the brain. The granulations are thought to mediate the draining of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space into the venous system. [1]
The cisterna magna (posterior cerebellomedullary cistern, [1] or cerebellomedullary cistern [2] [3]) is the largest of the subarachnoid cisterns.It occupies the space created by the angle between the caudal/inferior surface of the cerebellum, and the dorsal/posterior surface of the medulla oblongata (it is created by the arachnoidea that bridges this angle [3]).
The subarachnoid cisterns are spaces formed by openings in the subarachnoid space, an anatomic space in the meninges of the brain. [1] The space is situated between the two meninges, the arachnoid mater and the pia mater. These cisterns are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). [1]
The third ventricle is identified and entered as well, and an incision is made in the floor of the ventricle and enlarged as necessary with tools such as forceps or Fogarty catheters. If a membrane prevents CSF flow between the ventricle and the subarachnoid space, then an incision is made in the membrane as well. [4]
The interpeduncular cistern (or basal cistern [1]) is the subarachnoid cistern situated between the dorsum sellae (anteriorly) [2] and the two cerebral peduncles [1] [3] [2] at the front of the midbrain. [3] Its roof is represented by the floor of the third ventricle (i.e. posterior perforated substance, and the two mammillary bodies).
Trauma can cause the fluid within a cyst to leak into other areas (e.g., subarachnoid space). Blood vessels on the surface of a cyst may tear and bleed into the cyst (intracystic hemorrhage), increasing its size. If a blood vessel bleeds on the outside of a cyst, a collection of blood may result. In the cases of intracystic hemorrhage and ...