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Extravasation is the leakage of intravenously (IV) infused, and potentially damaging, medications into the extravascular tissue around the site of infusion. The leakage can occur through brittle veins in the elderly, through previous venipuncture access, or through direct leakage from wrongly positioned venous access devices.
The most common form of venous access is a peripheral venous cannula which is generally inserted into veins of the hands, forearms, and occasionally feet. [1] Healthcare providers may use a number of different techniques in order to improve the chances of successful access.
The vein may be used for intravenous access, as large bore cannula may be easily placed. However, the cannulation of a vein as close to the radial nerve as the cephalic vein can sometimes lead to nerve damage. [medical citation needed]
To prevent this, a cannula with accurate trim distances may be used. It is essential to fix the cannula in place firmly. embolism: this can be caused by air, a thrombus, or fragment of a catheter breaking off and entering the venous system. It can cause a pulmonary embolism. Air emboli can be avoided by making sure that there is no air in the ...
Using this cannula to administer medications causes extravasation of the drug, which can lead to edema, causing pain and tissue damage, and even necrosis depending on the medication. The person attempting to obtain the access must find a new access site proximal to the "blown" area to prevent extravasation of medications through the damaged vein.
The insertion of a plastic cannula and withdrawal of the needle was introduced as a technique in 1945. [11] The first disposable version to be marketed was the Angiocath, first sold in 1964. In the 1970s and 1980s, the use of plastic cannulas became routine, and their insertion was more frequently delegated to nursing staff. [12]
Venous cutdown is an emergency procedure in which the vein is exposed surgically and then a cannula is inserted into the vein under direct vision. It is used for venous access in cases of trauma, and hypovolemic shock when the use of a peripheral venous catheter is either difficult or impossible.
The median cubital vein is routinely used for phlebotomy and venipuncture (taking blood), and as a site for an intravenous cannula. [6] This is due to its particularly wide lumen, and its tendency to remain stationary upon needle insertion. [6] It becomes prominent when pressure is applied upstream, which makes needle insertion easier. [5]
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