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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is the combined presence of Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome (AKS [clarification needed]). Due to the close relationship between these two disorders, people with either are usually diagnosed with WKS as a single syndrome.
When it occurs simultaneously with alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome it is known as Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome. [3] [4] Classically, Wernicke encephalopathy is characterised by a triad of symptoms: ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and confusion. Around 10% of patients exhibit all three features, and other symptoms may also be present. [5]
Korsakoff syndrome (KS) [1] is a disorder of the central nervous system characterized by amnesia, deficits in explicit memory, and confabulation. This neurological disorder is caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B 1 ) in the brain, and it is typically associated with and exacerbated by the prolonged, excessive ingestion of alcohol . [ 2 ]
Korsakoff's syndrome and Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome are particular forms of alcohol related brain injury which may be related to alcohol related dementia. [18] Many experts use the terms alcohol (or alcoholic) dementia to describe a specific form of ARD, characterized by impaired executive function (planning, thinking, and judgment).
The syndrome is a combined manifestation of two eponymous disorders, Korsakoff's Psychosis and Wernicke's encephalopathy. Wernicke's encephalopathy is the acute presentation of the syndrome and is characterised by a confusional state while Korsakoff's psychosis main symptoms are amnesia and executive dysfunction . [ 113 ] "
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The severity of atrophy sustained from alcohol consumption is proportional to the rate and amount of alcohol consumed during a person's life. [8] Complicated alcoholics may have liver damage that impacts brain structure and function and nutritional deficiencies "that can cause severe brain damage and dysfunction". [4] [8]
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, delirium tremens, hypoglycemia, subdural hematoma, hyponatremia [1] Treatment: Supportive care, treating triggers, lactulose, liver transplant [1] [4] Prognosis: Average life expectancy less than a year in those with severe disease [1] Frequency: Affects >40% with cirrhosis [7]