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It is a measure of the efficiency of the gasoline engine by measuring the percentage of oxygen in the exhaust. When gasoline engines operate with a stoichiometric mixture of 14.7: 1 the value of lambda (λ) is "1". Mixing ratio = weight of fuel / weight of air - Expressed as mass ratio: 14.7 kg of air per 1 kg. of fuel.
MAP sensors measure absolute pressure. Boost sensors or gauges measure the amount of pressure above a set absolute pressure. That set absolute pressure is usually 100 kPa. This is commonly referred to as gauge pressure. Boost pressure is relative to absolute pressure - as one increases or decreases, so does the other.
A pressure sensor may be used to sense the decay of pressure due to a system leak. This is commonly done by either comparison to a known leak using differential pressure, or by means of utilizing the pressure sensor to measure pressure change over time. Groundwater measurement; Above-ground casing of a piezometer Symbol used in drawings
A mass (air) flow sensor (MAF) is a sensor used to determine the mass flow rate of air entering a fuel-injected internal combustion engine. The air mass information is necessary for the engine control unit (ECU) to balance and deliver the correct fuel mass to the engine. Air changes its density with temperature and pressure.
An Orsat gas analyser or Orsat apparatus is a piece of laboratory equipment used to analyse a gas sample (typically fossil fuel flue gas) for its oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide content. Although largely replaced by instrumental techniques, the Orsat remains a reliable method of measurement and is relatively simple to use. [1]
Using the same principles as the pressure carburetor to measure air flow into the engine, the distributed fuel injection system used individual fuel lines to each cylinder, injecting the fuel at the intake port. The direct-injection systems differed from a pressure carburetor in that the fuel is introduced just up stream from the intake valve ...
A Digifant II DF-1 Engine Control Unit used in '91 Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet with 2E engine. Digifant is an Engine Management System operated by an Engine Control Unit that actuates outputs, such as fuel injection and ignition systems, using information derived from sensor inputs, such as engine speed, exhaust oxygen and intake air flow. [1]
By monitoring EGT, the driver or pilot can get an idea of the vehicle's air-fuel ratio (AFR). At a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, the exhaust gas temperature is different from that in a lean or rich air-fuel ratio. At rich air-fuel ratio, the exhaust gas temperature either increases or decreases depending on the fuel.