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All launch vehicle propulsion systems employed to date have been chemical rockets falling into one of three main categories: Solid-propellant rockets or solid-fuel rockets have a motor that uses solid propellants , typically a mix of powdered fuel and oxidizer held together by a polymer binder and molded into the shape of a hollow cylinder.
Gravity-1 launch in January 2024. A floating launch vehicle operations platform is a marine vessel used for launch or landing operations of an orbital launch vehicle by a launch service provider: putting satellites into orbit around Earth or another celestial body, or recovering first-stage boosters from orbital-class flights by making a propulsive landing on the platform.
ISRO's launch vehicles. Left to right: SLV, ASLV, PSLV, GSLV, LVM3 RLV Human Rated Launch Vehicle (HRLV) Vikram series, the under development orbital class launch family of Skyroot Aerospace in comparison with already flown Vikram S, the sounding rocket ISRO/DoS systems. SLV-3 – Retired; Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) – Retired
Vehicle Main stages Origin Manufacturer Height (meter) Diameter (meter) Weight (ton) Mass to... (kg) Maiden flight Retired Record Status Solid
Pegasus is the world's first privately developed orbital launch vehicle. [2] [3] Capable of carrying small payloads of up to 443 kg (977 lb) into low Earth orbit, Pegasus first flew in 1990 and remained active as of 2021. The vehicle consists of three solid propellant stages and an optional monopropellant fourth stage. Pegasus is released from ...
After 1980, but before the 2010s, two orbital launch vehicles developed the capability to return to the launch site (RTLS). Both the US Space Shuttle —with one of its abort modes [ 16 ] [ 17 ] —and the Soviet Buran [ 18 ] had a designed-in capability to return a part of the launch vehicle to the launch site via the mechanism of horizontal ...
Falcon 9 is a partially reusable, human-rated, two-stage-to-orbit, medium-lift launch vehicle [a] designed and manufactured in the United States by SpaceX.The first Falcon 9 launch was on 4 June 2010, and the first commercial resupply mission to the International Space Station (ISS) launched on 8 October 2012. [14]
Air-launch-to-orbit also works well as part of a combination launch system such as a reusable air-launched single-stage-to-skyhook launch vehicle powered by a rocket or jet engine. An additional benefit of air-launch-to-orbit is a reduced delta V needed to achieve orbit. This results in a greater payload to fuel ratio which reduces the cost per ...