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Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures. [1] " Nominal" refers to pipe in non-specific terms and identifies the diameter of the hole with a non-dimensional number (for example – 2-inch nominal steel pipe" consists of many varieties of steel pipe with the only criterion being a 2.375-inch (60.3 mm) outside ...
For a fully filled duct or pipe whose cross-section is a convex regular polygon, the hydraulic diameter is equivalent to the diameter of a circle inscribed within the wetted perimeter. This can be seen as follows: The N {\displaystyle N} -sided regular polygon is a union of N {\displaystyle N} triangles, each of height D / 2 {\displaystyle D/2 ...
The hydraulic diameter is similarly defined as 4 times the cross-sectional area of a pipe A, divided by its "wetted" perimeter P. For a circular pipe of radius R, at full flow, this is = = as one would expect. This is equivalent to the above definition of the 2D mean diameter.
D o is the inside diameter of the outer pipe, D i is the outside diameter of the inner pipe. For calculation involving flow in non-circular ducts, the hydraulic diameter can be substituted for the diameter of a circular duct, with reasonable accuracy, if the aspect ratio AR of the duct cross-section remains in the range 1 / 4 < AR < 4. [13]
An inverted arch is a rounded structure with its crown facing in the downward position. This is a common term in structural architect drawings. [3] Invert Level is found through measuring the distance from the lowest level of a pipe, to a fixed datum. [4] A pipe laser, or another vertical distance measuring device is most commonly used for this.
where is the density of the fluid, is the average velocity in the pipe, is the friction factor from the Moody chart, is the length of the pipe and is the pipe diameter. The chart plots Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f D {\displaystyle f_{D}} against Reynolds number Re for a variety of relative roughnesses, the ratio of the mean height of ...
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Consequently, a 1-inch (25 mm) copper pipe had a 1 + 1 ⁄ 8-inch (28.58 mm) outside diameter. The outside diameter was the important dimension for mating with fittings. The wall thickness on modern copper is usually thinner than 1 ⁄ 16-inch (1.6 mm), so the internal diameter is only "nominal" rather than a controlling dimension. [13]