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"Flex" engines work with gasoline, alcohol or any mixture of both fuels. As of May 2009, more than 88% of new vehicles sold in Brazil are flex fuel. [18] Because of the Brazilian leading production and technology, many countries became very interested in importing alcohol fuel and adopting the "Flex" vehicle concept. [17]
World production of ethanol in 2006 was 51 gigalitres (1.3 × 10 10 US gal), with 69% of the world supply coming from Brazil and the U.S. [19] Brazilian ethanol is produced from sugarcane, which has relatively high yields (830% more fuel than the fossil fuels used to produce it) compared to some other energy crops. [102]
World ethanol production for transport fuel tripled between 2000 and 2007 from 17 × 10 9 liters (4.5 × 10 ^ 9 U.S. gal; 3.7 × 10 ^ 9 imp gal) to more than 52 × 10 9 liters (14 × 10 ^ 9 U.S. gal; 11 × 10 ^ 9 imp gal). From 2007 to 2008, the share of ethanol in global gasoline type fuel use increased from 3.7% to 5.4%. [1]
Summary of the main ethanol blends used around the world in 2013. Several common ethanol fuel mixtures are in use around the world. The use of pure hydrous or anhydrous ethanol in internal combustion engines (ICEs) is only possible if the engines are designed or modified for that purpose, and used only in automobiles, light-duty trucks and motorcycles.
Corn-derived ethanol costs 30% more because the corn starch must first be converted to sugar before distillation into alcohol. [87] However, corn-derived ethanol offers the ability to return 1/3 of the feedstock to the market as a replacement for the corn used in the form of Distillers Dried Grain . [ 25 ]
The higher the pressure, the more force upon the piston creating more work and more power in the engine. It stays relatively hot rich of stoichiometry because it contains its own oxidant. However, continual running of an engine on nitromethane will eventually melt the piston and/or cylinder because of this higher temperature.
If the putrescible waste processed in anaerobic digesters were disposed of in a landfill, it would break down naturally and often anaerobically. In this case, the gas will eventually escape into the atmosphere. As methane is about 20 times more potent as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, this has significant negative environmental effects. [83]
Ethanol has close to 34% less energy per volume than gasoline, [53] [54] consequently fuel economy ratings with ethanol blends are significantly lower than with pure gasoline, but this lower energy content does not translate directly into a 34% reduction in mileage, because there are many other variables that affect the performance of a ...