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John Locke incorporated natural law into many of his theories and philosophy, especially in Two Treatises of Government. Locke turned Hobbes' prescription around, saying that if the ruler went against natural law and failed to protect "life, liberty, and property," people could justifiably overthrow the existing state and create a new one.
Natural law theories base human rights on a "natural" moral, religious or even biological order which is independent of transitory human laws or traditions. Socrates and his philosophic heirs, Plato and Aristotle , posited the existence of natural justice or natural right ( dikaion physikon , δικαιον φυσικον , Latin ius naturale ).
According to philosopher Michael Marder, the idea that plants should have rights derives from "plant subjectivity", which is distinct from human personhood. [3] Paul W. Taylor holds that all life has inherent worth and argues for respect for plants, but does not assign them rights. [ 4 ]
"Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" is a well-known phrase from the United States Declaration of Independence. [1] The phrase gives three examples of the unalienable rights which the Declaration says have been given to all humans by their Creator , and which governments are created to protect.
Dignity is the right of a person to be valued and respected for their own sake, and to be treated ethically. In this context, it is of significance in morality, ethics, law and politics as an extension of the Enlightenment-era concepts of inherent, inalienable rights.
His answer is no; a law only need to be obeyed if it is legitimate in three ways: The Purpose: The law must be for the common good. The Author: It must be in the scope of the authority making the law. The Form: And its burden should be equal and apply to all. Aquinas says that the disobedience should not itself cause harm or lead people into evil.
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In law and ethics, universal law or universal principle refers to concepts of legal legitimacy actions, whereby those principles and rules for governing human beings' conduct which are most universal in their acceptability, their applicability, translation, and philosophical basis, are therefore considered to be most legitimate. [citation needed]