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History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Roosevelt-Taft Administration (8 vols.). Richter, Hedwig. "Transnational Reform and Democracy: Election Reforms in New York City and Berlin Around 19001." The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 15.2 (2016): 149-175. online; Rosenof, Theodore.
For example, from the viewpoint of rational choice theory, the expected gains of voting depend on (1) the benefit to the voter if their candidate wins and (2) the probability that one's vote will determine the election's outcome. [38] Even in a tight election the probability that one's vote decides the outcome is estimated at effectively zero. [40]
The 1914 midterm elections became the first year that all regular Senate elections were held in even-numbered years, coinciding with the House elections. The ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913 established the direct election of senators, instead of having them elected directly by state ...
The restriction and extension of voting rights to different groups has been a contested process throughout United States history. The federal government has also been involved in attempts to increase voter turnout, by measures such as the National Voter Registration Act of 1993. The financing of elections has also long been controversial ...
United States Electoral College; Early Votes. Ames (Iowa) Straw Poll on a Saturday in August prior to the election year, since 1979; Iowa caucus first official election year event since 1972; New Hampshire primary first national primary stop since 1952; Reform Plans. United States presidential primary reform proposals; Graduated Random ...
B = “utility” benefit of voting--differential benefit of one candidate winning over the other C = costs of voting (time/effort spent) D = citizen duty, goodwill feeling, psychological and civic benefit of voting (this term is not included in Downs's original model)
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The 1872–73 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 4, 1872, and April 7, 1873. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 43rd United States Congress convened on December 1, 1873.