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  2. Quadratic form - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_form

    A mapping q : M → R : v ↦ b(v, v) is the associated quadratic form of b, and B : M × M → R : (u, v) ↦ q(u + v) − q(u) − q(v) is the polar form of q. A quadratic form q : M → R may be characterized in the following equivalent ways: There exists an R-bilinear form b : M × M → R such that q(v) is the associated quadratic form.

  3. Molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry

    Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule. It includes the general shape of the molecule as well as bond lengths , bond angles , torsional angles and any other geometrical parameters that determine the position of each atom.

  4. Quadric (algebraic geometry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadric_(algebraic_geometry)

    By definition, a quadric X of dimension n over a field k is the subspace of + defined by q = 0, where q is a nonzero homogeneous polynomial of degree 2 over k in variables , …, +. (A homogeneous polynomial is also called a form, and so q may be called a quadratic form.)

  5. Quadric - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadric

    In mathematics, a quadric or quadric surface (quadric hypersurface in higher dimensions), is a generalization of conic sections (ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolas).It is a hypersurface (of dimension D) in a (D + 1)-dimensional space, and it is defined as the zero set of an irreducible polynomial of degree two in D + 1 variables; for example, D = 1 in the case of conic sections.

  6. Glossary of invariant theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_invariant_theory

    Finite-dimensional representations of a semisimple Lie group are equivalent to finite-dimensional representations of a compact form, and are therefore completely reducible. univariate Depending on 1 variable. Same as unary. universal concomitant The pairing between a vector space and its dual, considered as a concomitant. (Elliott 1895, p.77)

  7. Paraboloid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraboloid

    Paraboloid of revolution. In geometry, a paraboloid is a quadric surface that has exactly one axis of symmetry and no center of symmetry.The term "paraboloid" is derived from parabola, which refers to a conic section that has a similar property of symmetry.

  8. Lichen growth forms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen_growth_forms

    The form is named for the genus Cladonia, as most lichens in this genus show a combination of two growth types: squamulose and fruticose. The primary thallus is composed of small, overlapping scales, while the secondary thallus (which supports the lichen's fruiting structures) is fruticose in appearance. [ 21 ]

  9. Chaos theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_theory

    Sprott [43] found a three-dimensional system with just five terms, that had only one nonlinear term, which exhibits chaos for certain parameter values. Zhang and Heidel [ 44 ] [ 45 ] showed that, at least for dissipative and conservative quadratic systems, three-dimensional quadratic systems with only three or four terms on the right-hand side ...