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Theories of media exposure study the amount and type of Media content an individual is exposed to, directly or indirectly. The scope includes television shows, movies, social media, news articles, advertisements, etc. [ 1 ] Media exposure affects both individuals and society as a whole.
Communication towers in Zamboanga City. Mass media in the Philippines consists of several types of media: television, radio, newspapers, magazines, cinema, and websites.. In 2004, the Philippines had 225 television stations, 369 AM radio broadcast stations, 583 FM radio broadcast stations, 10 internet radio stations, 5 shortwave stations and 7 million newspapers in circulation.
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Marxist thought - The moral philosophy (or ethics) of PEC often criticizes capitalism for its effect on media and democracy, this idea originates from the critical theory works of Karl Marx. [6] A common critique of critical political economy (often from the cultural studies approach) is that, like Marx , it fetishizes capitalism and is ...
The National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections or NAMFREL is an election watchdog in the Philippines. It was the first and one of the most famous election watch campaigns. [ 1 ] It is known to have introduced non-partisan national election monitoring to the Philippines after exposing the issues involved with the 1986 Snap Elections .
Examples of countries with political actors that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Brazil, [67] India, [68] Iran, [3] Italy, [69] the People's Republic of China, [70] the Philippines, [71] Russia, [72] Ukraine (Luhansk), [73] and the United States. [74]
In media studies, mass communication, media psychology, communication theory, and sociology, media influence and media effects are topics relating to mass media and media culture's effects on individual or an audience's thoughts, attitudes, and behavior. Whether it is written, televised, or spoken, mass media reaches a large audience.
Selective exposure, acceptance, and retention of information: "A persistent theme in mass media research is the apparent tendency to interpret and recall information in ways congruent with existing beliefs and values."(Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien 1970, pp. 162) [2] For example, a viewer of a news program will pay attention more to story that ...