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The simplest examples are the golden ratio φ = [1;1,1,1,1,1,...] and √ 2 = [1;2,2,2,2,...], while √ 14 = [3;1,2,1,6,1,2,1,6...] and √ 42 = [6;2,12,2,12,2,12...]. All irrational square roots of integers have a special form for the period; a symmetrical string, like the empty string (for √ 2 ) or 1,2,1 (for √ 14 ), followed by the ...
For example, Turing's 1936 paper (p. 263) observed that since the halting problem for each Turing machine is equivalent to a first-order logical formula of form , the problem () is undecidable. The precise boundaries are known, sharply:
Visualization of powers of two from 1 to 1024 (2 0 to 2 10) as base-2 Dienes blocks. A power of two is a number of the form 2 n where n is an integer, that is, the result of exponentiation with number two as the base and integer n as the exponent.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (or Leibnitz; [a] 1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June] – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who is credited, alongside Sir Isaac Newton, with the creation of calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic, and statistics.
The simplest case of a normal distribution is known as the standard normal distribution or unit normal distribution. This is a special case when μ = 0 {\textstyle \mu =0} and σ 2 = 1 {\textstyle \sigma ^{2}=1} , and it is described by this probability density function (or density): φ ( z ) = e − z 2 2 2 π . {\displaystyle \varphi (z ...
The lengths of the periods for various n form the so-called Pisano periods. [66] Determining a general formula for the Pisano periods is an open problem, which includes as a subproblem a special instance of the problem of finding the multiplicative order of a modular integer or of an element in a finite field.
By June 2008, the government had provided over NZ$900 million in settlements, much of it in the form of land deals. [98] There is a growing Māori leadership who are using these settlements as an investment platform for economic development. [99]
A different form of Y′CbCr is specified in the ITU-R BT.709 standard, primarily for HDTV use. The newer form is also used in some computer-display oriented applications, as sRGB (though the matrix used for sRGB form of YCbCr, sYCC, is still BT.601). In this case, the values of Kb and Kr differ, but the formulas for using them are the same.