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These two images are later used together to create a 3D image. In this way the image can be analysed giving better information about surface characteristics of the retina. [19] Fundus photography in animals: Fundus photography is a useful tool utilised for veterinary research, veterinary ophthalmology, as well as education. [20]
The fundus of the eye is the interior surface of the eye opposite the lens and includes the retina, optic disc, macula, fovea, and posterior pole. [1] The fundus can be examined by ophthalmoscopy [ 1 ] and/or fundus photography .
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The macula (/ˈmakjʊlə/) [1] or macula lutea is an oval-shaped pigmented area in the center of the retina of the human eye and in other animals. The macula in humans has a diameter of around 5.5 mm (0.22 in) and is subdivided into the umbo, foveola, foveal avascular zone, fovea, parafovea, and perifovea areas.
Fluorescein angiography [1] (FA), fluorescent angiography (FAG), or fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) is a technique for examining the circulation of the retina and choroid (parts of the fundus) using a fluorescent dye and a specialized camera.
Fundus photograph of right retina with labelled ischemic area and cholesterol embolus (“Hollenhorst plaque”) Right eye findings. a Fundus photo showing superior pale retina. b Presence of Hollenhorst plaque in the superotemporal vessel (arrow)
Cone dystrophy; Fundus of a 45 year-old patient with cone rod dystrophy segregating with a loss-of-function mutation (E1087X) in ABCA4. Note the presence of various-shaped pigment deposits in the posterior pole with atrophy of the retina, while the retina appears less damaged in periphery (upper part of the photograph).
Cotton wool spots are commonly caused by changes to the retina secondary to diabetes, hypertension, or blockages to blood vessels to the retina, such as central retinal vein occlusion. [ 5 ] [ 8 ] While at one point believed to have been the result of nerve damage in the retina, interruptions to axoplasmic flow to these nerves may result from ...