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A number of discourses developed as to the meaning of "Māori" and to who counted as Māori or not. [citation needed] The parliament instituted four Māori seats in 1867, giving all Māori men universal suffrage, [83] 12 years ahead of their European New Zealand counterparts.
Māori cultural history intertwines inextricably with the culture of Polynesia as a whole. The New Zealand archipelago forms the southwestern corner of the Polynesian Triangle, a major part of the Pacific Ocean with three island groups at its corners: the Hawaiian Islands, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), and New Zealand (Aotearoa in te reo Māori). [10]
Yet while standards of living improved among Māori, they continued to lag behind Pākehā in areas such as health, income, skilled employment and access to higher levels of education. Māori leaders and government policymakers alike struggled to deal with social issues stemming from increased urban migration, including a shortage of housing ...
Te Puni Kōkiri was established under the Māori Development Act 1991 with responsibilities to promote Māori achievement in education, training and employment, health, and economic development; and monitor the provision of government services to Māori. [3] [4] [5] The Māori name means "a group moving forward together". [6]
The culture of New Zealand is a synthesis of indigenous Māori, colonial British, and other cultural influences.The country's earliest inhabitants brought with them customs and language from Polynesia, and during the centuries of isolation, developed their own Māori and Moriori cultures.
From a group called the Young Maori Party, formed in the 1890s and also following the line of a more rural, separate Māori development, there emerged a new leader of the Māori cause, Āpirana Ngata. He became the first Māori to obtain a degree, in 1893, and he went on to become a respected, long-serving MP, from 1905 to 1943.
Some of the names of tukutuku patterns are: [3] poutama – a stepped pattern, said to represent whakapapa, learning and the ascent of the god Tāne-o-te-wānanga into the heavens to attain superior knowledge and religion. [8] [9] roimata toroa – meaning "albatross tears", formed with vertical stitches and said to represent misfortune and ...
D. R. Simmons, The Great New Zealand Myth: a study of the discovery and origin traditions of the Maori (Reed: Wellington) 1976. S. P. Smith, History and Traditions of the Maoris of the W. Coast, North Island, New Zealand (New Plymouth: Polynesian Society) 1910. Taonui, Rāwiri (8 February 2005). "Canoe traditions".