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The Shorenstein Center at Harvard University defines disinformation research as an academic field that studies "the spread and impacts of misinformation, disinformation, and media manipulation," including "how it spreads through online and offline channels, and why people are susceptible to believing bad information, and successful strategies for mitigating its impact" [23] According to a 2023 ...
Misinformation refers to false or inaccurate information shared unintentionally—simply getting the facts wrong. Disinformation , on the other hand, involves deliberately spreading false ...
Fake news or information disorder is false or misleading information (misinformation, disinformation, propaganda, and hoaxes) claiming the aesthetics and legitimacy of news. [1] Fake news often has the aim of damaging the reputation of a person or entity , [ 2 ] or making money through advertising revenue.
Disinformation attacks involve the intentional spreading of false information, with end goals of misleading, confusing, and encouraging violence, [23] and gaining money, power, or reputation. [24] Disinformation attacks may involve political, economic, and individual actors.
There are two types of false information targeting voters every day — misinformation and disinformation. Here's what experts said to look out for. We asked experts how to identify phony ...
The false spread of information is especially rife on X. In many instances, blue-check accounts, which users obtained by subscribing to the X’s premium service, boosted unsubstantiated claims.
According to Derakhshan, examples of malinformation can include "revenge porn, where the change of context from private to public is the sign of malicious intent", or providing false information about where and when a photograph was taken in order to mislead the viewer [3] (the picture is real, but the meta-information and its context is changed).
Spreading false information can also seriously impede the effective and efficient use of the information available on social media. [124] An emerging trend in the online information environment is "a shift away from public discourse to private, more ephemeral, messaging ", which is a challenge to counter misinformation.