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  2. Ammonia solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_solution

    Ammonia solution, also known as ammonia water, ammonium hydroxide, ammoniacal liquor, ammonia liquor, aqua ammonia, aqueous ammonia, or (inaccurately) ammonia, is a solution of ammonia in water. It can be denoted by the symbols NH 3 (aq). Although the name ammonium hydroxide suggests a salt with the composition [NH + 4][OH −

  3. Bertrand's box paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand's_box_paradox

    The probability of drawing another gold coin from the same box is 0 in (a), and 1 in (b) and (c). Thus, the overall probability of drawing a gold coin in the second draw is ⁠ 0 / 3 ⁠ + ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠ + ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠ = ⁠ 2 / 3 ⁠. The problem can be reframed by describing the boxes as each having one drawer on each of two sides. Each ...

  4. Cis–trans isomerism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis–trans_isomerism

    Very often, cis–trans stereoisomers contain double bonds or ring structures. In both cases the rotation of bonds is restricted or prevented. [4] When the substituent groups are oriented in the same direction, the diastereomer is referred to as cis, whereas when the substituents are oriented in opposing directions, the diastereomer is referred to as trans.

  5. Valence (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)

    In some molecules, there is a difference between valence and oxidation state for a given atom. For example, in disulfur decafluoride molecule S 2 F 10, each sulfur atom has 6 valence bonds (5 single bonds with fluorine atoms and 1 single bond with the other sulfur atom). Thus, each sulfur atom is hexavalent or has valence 6, but has oxidation ...

  6. Molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry

    Molecular geometries can be specified in terms of 'bond lengths', 'bond angles' and 'torsional angles'. The bond length is defined to be the average distance between the nuclei of two atoms bonded together in any given molecule. A bond angle is the angle formed between three atoms across at least two bonds.

  7. Ammonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia

    Assuming an NH + 4 abundance of and an electron abundance of 10 −7 typical of molecular clouds, the formation will proceed at a rate of 1.6 × 10 −9 cm −3 s −1 in a molecular cloud of total density 10 5 cm −3.

  8. Valence bond theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_bond_theory

    For example, a bond between two s-orbital electrons is a sigma bond, because two spheres are always coaxial. In terms of bond order, single bonds have one sigma bond, double bonds consist of one sigma bond and one pi bond, and triple bonds contain one sigma bond and two pi bonds. However, the atomic orbitals for bonding may be hybrids.

  9. Molecular orbital diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_orbital_diagram

    The σ from the 2p is more non-bonding due to mixing, and same with the 2s σ. This also causes a large jump in energy in the 2p σ* orbital. The bond order of diatomic nitrogen is three, and it is a diamagnetic molecule. [12] The bond order for dinitrogen (1σ g 2 1σ u 2 2σ g 2 2σ u 2 1π u 4 3σ g 2) is three because two electrons are now ...