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Polar variables are magnetic white dwarfs accreting material from a low mass donor, with no accretion disk due to the intense magnetic field. In astronomy, a polar is a highly magnetic type of cataclysmic variable (CV) binary star system, originally known as an AM Herculis star after the prototype member AM Herculis.
In the height region between about 85 and 200 km altitude on Earth, the ionospheric plasma is electrically conducting. Atmospheric tidal winds due to differential solar heating or due to gravitational lunar forcing move the ionospheric plasma against the geomagnetic field lines thus generating electric fields and currents just like a dynamo coil moving against magnetic field lines.
An alternative parametrization exists that closely follows the angular parametrization of spherical coordinates: [1] = , = , = . Here, > parametrizes the concentric ellipsoids around the origin and [,] and [,] are the usual polar and azimuthal angles of spherical coordinates, respectively.
Polars of diagonal points are colored the same as the points. The theory of poles and polars of a conic in a projective plane can be developed without the use of coordinates and other metric concepts. Let C be a conic in PG(2, F) where F is a field not of characteristic two, and let P be a point of this plane not on C.
The light curve of an intermediate polar may show several types of stable periodic changes in brightness. One periodicity is related to the orbital period of the binary star system. The orbital periods of confirmed intermediate polars range from 1.4 to 48 hours, with typical values between 3 and 6 hours.
) and the interpolation problem consists of yielding values at arbitrary points (,,, … ) {\displaystyle (x,y,z,\dots )} . Multivariate interpolation is particularly important in geostatistics , where it is used to create a digital elevation model from a set of points on the Earth's surface (for example, spot heights in a topographic survey or ...
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Given a vector field v on S, that is a function that assigns to each x in S a vector v(x), the surface integral can be defined component-wise according to the definition of the surface integral of a scalar field; the result is a vector. A volume integral is an integral over a three-dimensional domain or region.