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When "E" is used to denote "expected value", authors use a variety of stylizations: the expectation operator can be stylized as E (upright), E (italic), or (in blackboard bold), while a variety of bracket notations (such as E(X), E[X], and EX) are all used. Another popular notation is μ X.
The global maximum of x √ x occurs at x = e. Steiner's problem asks to find the global maximum for the function =. This maximum occurs precisely at x = e. (One can check that the derivative of ln f(x) is zero only for this value of x.) Similarly, x = 1/e is where the global minimum occurs for the function
It is tempting to think that in order to find the expected value E(g(X)), one must first find the probability density f g(X) of the new random variable Y = g(X).
In probability theory, it is possible to approximate the moments of a function f of a random variable X using Taylor expansions, provided that f is sufficiently differentiable and that the moments of X are finite. A simulation-based alternative to this approximation is the application of Monte Carlo simulations.
The proposition in probability theory known as the law of total expectation, [1] the law of iterated expectations [2] (LIE), Adam's law, [3] the tower rule, [4] and the smoothing theorem, [5] among other names, states that if is a random variable whose expected value is defined, and is any random variable on the same probability space, then
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